Some Islamic coins from various Caliphates and Empires, Andalus (Spain), Mamluk, Seljuk.

Al-Andalus was the Islamic Caliphate in Spain which was descended from the Umayyad Caliphate. The Mamluk Sultanate was in control of Egypt from AD 1250 to 1517. Mamluks were originally Egyptian slaves who were enlisted in special units of the army. They later became so powerful that their Mamluk officers gained control of the government. It's capital was Cairo. The Seljuks of Rum or Sultanate of Rum was a Turkish Islamic kingdom which lasted from AD 1077 to 1308. It's territory included most of modern-day Turkey occupying land which had been conquered from the Byzantine empire. The name "Rum" comes from Rome, the old name of the Byzantine Empire. It's capital was Nicaea and then Konya.

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Some verses from the Quran are frequently used on Islamic coins. A Quran Surah is a chapter. The coin dates are in Islamic lunar years which start from AD 622 and are 355 days long. They are abbreviated "AH" and the formula for converting an AH year to an AD year is (AH Year)*0.97 + 622. The mintage year of the coin is spelled out, for example, year 186 is "six and eighty and one hundred." These spellings have been converted to numbers.

Al-Andalus (Spain) - Hisham II: Life: AD 966-1013 Reign: AD 976-1013

Silver, 23 mm, 2.89 gm
Mint: Cordoba, Spain
Obverse:
Outer Margin: In the name of God, this dirham was minted in al-Andalus (Cordoba) in the year 394
Field: Four lines:
Second Kalima (three lines)
al-Hakim (court official title) (one line)
Reverse:
Outer Margin: Quran Surah 9:33
Field: Five lines:
al-Hijib (court official title) (one line)
Iman Hisham / Commander of the Faithful / Defender of the Faith (three lines)
al-Malik (court official's name) (one line)

Seljuks of Rum - Kaykhusraw II: Life: AD Unknown-1245 Reign: AD 1236-1245

Silver, 24 mm, 3.00 gm
Mint: Konya
Obverse:
Outer Margin: Iman al-Mustansir Billah Lord and Commander of the Faithful
(Al-Mustansir Billah was the Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad and officially Kaykhusraw's lord)
Inner Margin: Struck at Qunyat (Konya)
Field: Sun and lion (supposedly the astrological sign of Leo)
Reverse:
Field: Five lines
Nine and thirty (39) (one line)
The very great Sultan, help of the world, Kai-Khusru son of Kai-Qubad (three lines)
Six hundred (one line)

The Mongols effectively ended Kaykrusraw's reign in AD 1243 when he became their vassal.

Mamluk Sultanate - An-Nasir Faraj: Life: AD 1386-1412 Reign: AD 1399-1412

Gold, 17.0 mm, 3.45 gm
Mamluk Sultan Nasir-ad-Din Faraj reign AD 1399-1412
Mint: Cairo Egypt
Obverse:
Field: Three lines
Faraj
Sultan Al-Nasir the Sultan
Bin Barquq (son of Barquq)
Reverse:
Field: Five lines (not all lines appear on this coin)
No God except Allah (line not on this coin)
Muhammad the Messenger of Allah (only Muhammad on this coin)
Send it with the guidance
Struck in Cairo year ten (last number not on this coin but would be 1-4)
And eight hundred or AH 811-814

This was the first Mamluk attempt to adopt the Venetian ducat or sequin (bunduqi in Arabic).
These coins were the same size as the ducat and were minted from AD 1408 to 1412 (AH 810 to 814)

Modern and fantasy coins from Islamic areas.

Brass, 23 mm, 3.93 gm, Catalog: None

Obverse: THERE IS NO GOD BUT ALLAH / Muhammad IS GOD'S PROPHET / 1352
Reverse: 1 Dinar
Struck at the Vienna Mint in 1965 by somebody named Bernard O'Hea
Sometimes listed under Saudi Arabia, Yemen, or Tarim

Silver, 20 mm, 3.07 gm (2.975 gm ASW)
Obverse: NOT LEGAL TENDER / 1 DIRHAM / 2011
Reverse: PEACE / 2.975 GRAMS FINE SILVER / 1 DIRHAM / AOCS APPROVED © DINAR WAKALA
Catalog: None