The Mughal Empire was a Islamic kingdom which lasted from AD 1526 to 1857. Its territory included most of India and part of Afghanistan. Its capital was Agra (Akbarabad) and briefly Fatehpur Sikri. Their dynasty was called the "Timurid" dynasty after Timur (AD 1336-1405), the Turko-Mongol conqueror of much of Asia who was also known as Tamerlane or Timur the Lame.

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Shah Jahan: Life: AD 1592-1666 Reign: AD 1628-1658 (AH 1037-1068)

Shah Jahan called himself the "Second Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction" on some of his coins. A Conjunction was an Astronomical/Astrological event where two planets appeared close to each other. An Auspicious Conjunction was a conjunction which included the planet Jupiter with either Venus or Saturn. Timur called himself the "Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction" as one of his titles. Shah Jahan was born in AD 1592 close to a conjunction of Jupiter and Venus in AD 1591 and used the title "Second Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction" on some of his coins. The "Second Lord" refered to his ancestor Timur who was the First Lord.

The Muslim Kalima or statement of faith sometimes appears on Mughal coins in part or whole. It is "There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah." The Rightly-Guided Caliphs of Sunni Islam are Abi Bekr (AD 632-634), Umar (AD 634-644), Uthman (AD 644-656), and Ali (AD 656-661). The coin dates are in Islamic lunar years which start from AD 622 and are 355 days long. They are abbreviated "AH" and the formula for converting an AH year to an AD year is (AH Year)*0.97 + 622. The holes in some of the coins are made by silver testers to check the purity of the silver in the coins. They are called "shroff" marks after the local name for money changers. Sometimes an inscription will be missing due to being struck off the planchet.

Gold, 22 mm, 10.87 gm
Obverse: Square with two lines inside it and four lines around it
Square upper: Badshah Ghazi (Emperor and fighter for Islam)
Square lower: Shah Jahan (King of the World)
Square top: Shahab-ud-Din (Star of the Faith)
Square right: Muhammad Sahib (Lord Muhammad)
Square bottom: Qiran-e-Sani (Second Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction)
Square left: Zarb Allahabad (Struck at Allahabad)
Reverse: Square with two lines inside it and four lines around it
Square upper: "There is no god but Allah"
Square lower: "Muhammad is his messenger"
Square top, left, bottom, right: Caliphs Abi Bekr, Umar, Uthman, Ali
The year "1045" is on the reverse bottom. AH 1045 is around AD 1636.
The regnal year "9" is on the obverse bottom.
Allahabad is a city in the state of Uttar Pradesh in northeast India.

Silver, 21.0 mm, 11.43 gm
Obverse: Square with two lines inside it and four lines around it
Square upper: Badshah Ghazi (Emperor and fighter for Islam)
Square lower: Shah Jahan (King of the World)
Square top: Shahab-ud-Din (Star of the Faith)
Square right: Muhammad Sahib (Lord Muhammad)
Square bottom: Qiran-e-Sani (Second Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction)
Square left: Zarb Multan (Struck at Multan)
Reverse: Square with two lines inside it and four lines around it
Square upper: "There is no god but Allah"
Square lower: "Muhammad is his messenger"
Square top, left, bottom, right: Caliphs Abi Bekr, Umar, Uthman, Ali
The year "1043" is on the reverse bottom. AH 1043 is around AD 1634.
The regnal year "6" is on the obverse bottom.
Multan is a city formerly in northern India and now in Pakistan.

Silver, 22 mm, 10.47 gm
Obverse: Four horizontal lines of text
Line 1: Badshah Ghazi (Emperor and fighter for Islam)
Line 2: Ahad Muhammad Shah Jahan (First year of reign, King of the World)
Line 3: Shahab ud-Din (Star of the Faith)
Line 4: Sahib Qiran Sani (Second Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction)
Reverse: Three horizontal lines of text
Line 1: "There is no god but Allah"
Line 2: "Muhammad is his messenger"
Line 3: Zarb Dar-i-Khilafa Agra (Struck at seat of capital Agra)
The year "1038" is on the reverse left side. AH 1038 is around AD 1629.
The coin has no regnal year but the word "Ahad" which means "first year."
Agra is a city in the state of Uttar Pradesh and the home of Shah Jahan's Taj Mahal.

Silver, 22 mm, 11.31 gm
Obverse: Four horizontal lines of text
Line 1: BadShah Ghazi (Emperor and and fighter for Islam)
Line 2: Al-din Muhammad Shah Jahan (Of the religion, King of the World)
Line 3: Sahib Qiran Sani (Second Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction)
Line 4: Zarb Akbarabad (Struck at Akbarabad, the Mughal Capital and alternate name for Agra)
Reverse: Circle with two lines inside it and four lines around it
Circle upper: "There is no god but Allah"
Circle lower: "Muhammad is his messenger"
Circle top: Caliph Abi Bekr
Circle right: Caliph Umar
Circle bottom: Caliph Uthman
Circle left: Caliph Ali
The year "1039" is on the reverse lower right side of the circle. AH 1039 is around AD 1630.
The regnal year "2" is on the obverse right.
Akbarabad was the Mughal name for the capital at Agra.

Silver, 20.0 mm, 11.41 gm
Obverse: Square with two lines inside it and four lines around it
Square upper: Badshah Ghazi (Emperor and fighter for Islam)
Square lower: Shah Jahan (King of the World)
Square top: (Off flan) Shahab-ud-Din (Star of the Faith)
Square right: (Off flan) Muhammad Sahib (Lord Muhammad)
Square bottom: Qiran-e-Sani (Second Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction)
Square left: Zarb Qandahar (Struck at Kandahar)
Reverse: Square with two lines inside it and four lines around it
Square upper: "There is no god but Allah"
Square lower: "Muhammad is his messenger"
Square top, left, bottom, right: Caliphs Abi Bekr, Umar, Uthman, Ali
Caliphs Abi Bekr and Umar are off flan
The year "1051" (last two digits) is on the reverse bottom. AH 1051 is around AD 1641.
The regnal year "14" is on the obverse bottom.
The feather or quill on the reverse left is a mintmark for Kandahar.
Kandahar (Qandahar) is a city in Afghanistan.

Silver, 21 mm, 11.38 gm
Obverse: Square with two lines inside it and four lines around it
Square upper: Badshah Ghazi (Emperor and fighter for Islam)
Square lower: Shah Jahan (King of the World)
Square top: Shahab-ud-Din (Star of the Faith)
Square right: Muhammad Sahib (Lord Muhammad)
Square bottom: Qiran-e-Sani (Second Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction)
Square left: Zarb Patna (Struck at Patna)
Reverse: Square with two lines inside it and four lines around it
Square upper: "There is no god but Allah"
Square lower: "Muhammad is his messenger"
Square top, left, bottom, right: Caliphs Uthman, Ali, Abi Bekr, Umar
The coin has no year visible.
The regnal year "15" is on the obverse below the long letter within the square.
Patna is a city in Bihar state in northeast India, located about 240 km south of Kathmandu, Nepal.

Silver, 22.0 mm, 11.40 gm
Obverse: Square with two lines inside it and four lines around it
Square upper: Badshah Ghazi (Emperor and fighter for Islam)
Square lower: Shah Jahan (King of the World)
Square top: Muhammad Sahib (Lord Muhammad)
Square right: Qiran-e-Sani (Second Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction)
Square bottom: Zarb Lahore (Struck at Lahore)
Square left: Shahab-ud-Din (Star of the Faith)
Reverse: Square with two lines inside it and four lines around it
Square upper: "There is no god but Allah"
Square lower: "Muhammad is his messenger"
Square top, left, bottom, right: Caliphs Uthman, Ali, Abi Bekr, Umar
The year "1053" is on the reverse right. AH 1053 is around AD 1643.
The regnal year "17" is on the obverse bottom.
Lahore is a city formerly in northern India and now in Pakistan.

Silver, 19 mm, 11.47 gm
Obverse: Four horizontal lines of text
Line 1: Badshah Ghazi (Emperor and fighter for Islam)
Line 2: Muhammad Shah Jahan (King of the World)
Line 3: Shahab ud-Din (Star of the Faith)
Line 4: Sahib Qiran Sani (Second Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction - off flan)
Reverse: Three horizontal lines of text
Line 1: "There is no god but Allah"
Line 2: "Muhammad is his messenger"
Line 3: Zarb Thatta (Struck at Tatta)
The year "1054" is on the obverse bottom. AH 1054 is around AD 1644.
The regnal year "18" is on the reverse bottom.
Tatta (now Thatta) is a city in the Pakistan state of Sindh.